13.040.20 (Ambient atmospheres) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D2913-14 大气中硫醇含量的标准试验方法

5.1 Mercaptans are odorous substances offensive at low concentrations and toxic at higher levels. They are emitted from geothermal sources, industrial processes, and food processing facilities. Mercaptans at low concentrations are commonly added to natural gas and LP gases for safety purposes as well. 1.1 This test method is for the measurement of mercaptans (organic thiols) in the atmosphere at concentrations below 100 parts per billion (ppb(v) = 195 μg/m3). For concentrations above 100 ppb(v), the sampling period can be reduced or the trapping liquid volume increased either before or after aspirating. (See Practice D1357 for sampling guidance.) The minimum detectable amount of methyl mercaptan is 0.04 μg/mL (1)2 in a final liquid volume of 25 mL. When sampling air at the maximum recommended rate of 2 L/min for 2 h, the minimum detectable mercaptan concentration is 1.0 ppb(v) (1.95 μg methyl mercaptan/m3 at 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) and 25°C). This test method determines total mercaptans and does not differentiate among individual mercaptans, although it is most sensitive to the lower molecular weight alkanethiols. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 8.7, 8.8, and Section 9.

Standard Test Method for Mercaptan Content of the Atmosphere

ASTM D7297-14 评估住宅室内空气质量影响的标准实施规程

5.1 IAQ-based complaints and problems including discomfort/health symptoms and unacceptable indoor environmental conditions such as odors exist in residential buildings, but the frequency of the occurrence of IAQ complaints and problems is not known. 5.2 Characterization of IAQ concerns and identification of their underlying causes require systematic observations and measurements of the indoor environment, its occupants and contaminant sources. This practice provides background and procedures for the investigation of IAQ concerns. 5.3 Where the dwelling is not owner-occupied, formal permission to access certain areas of the property and to collect information essential to the IAQ investigation is often deemed essential to be obtained from the owner and, where applicable, from other tenants. An investigator should seek legal advice in these matters. 5.4 The stepwise and phased approach described in this practice allows for an investigation that is commensurate with the nature of the problem and the level of resources available for the investigation. 1.1 This standard practice describes procedures for evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ) concerns in residential buildings. 1.2 The practice primarily addresses IAQ concerns encountered in single-family detached and attached (for example, townhouse or duplex design) residential buildings. Limited guidance is also included for low- and high-rise multifamily dwellings. 1.3 The IAQ evaluation procedures are comprised of interviews with the homeowner or resident(s) (including telephone interviews and face-to-face meetings) and on-site investigations (including walk-through, assessment, and measurements). For practicality in application, these procedures are divided into three separate phases, which may occur over one or more site visits. 1.4 The procedures described in this standard practice are aimed at identifying potential causes contributing to the IAQ concern. Such findings should become a basis for recommending corrective measures. This standard practice does not describe problem resolution or corrective measures and the standard is not intended to evaluate the impact of corrective measures. 1.5 This practice describes a pathway for characterizing indoor air, though adherence to this practice does not guarantee that an investigator will be able to identify or resolve an IAQ complaint for one or more of the following reasons: (1) the diversity of sources and contaminants in indoor air; (2) other factors that may affect occupant perception and acceptance of indoor air quality, such as air temperature, humidity, noise, lighting, and psychological stress; (3) the range of susceptibility in the population. 1.6 Implementation of procedures given in this standard requires the investigator (or investigative team) to have adequate background in several areas: general principles of IAQ; interviewing techniques; building design and construction practices; basic understanding of heating and cooling systems and appliances; use of IAQ measurement equipment; interpretation of IAQ data; and technical report writing. 1.7 Although many elements described i......

Standard Practice for Evaluating Residential Indoor Air Quality Concerns

ASTM D3270-13 大气和植物组织中氟化物含量分析的标准试验方法(半自动法)

5.1 These test methods may be used for determining the fluoride content of particulate matter and gases collected from the atmosphere by passive and active means, including plant tissues. The user is warned that the fluoride content of passive collectors (including plants) give only qualitative or semiquantitative measurement of atmospheric fluoride content. 1.1 These test methods describe the semiautomated procedure for the analyses of various types of samples for the purpose of determining total fluoride. Since the test methods incorporate microdistillation of the sample, they may be applied to any fluoride-containing solution where standards of identical composition have been carried through the same sample preparation procedures and have proven to provide quantitative recovery when analyzed by the semiautomated system. Conversely, the methods shall not be applied for analyses until the applicability has been demonstrated. 1.2 In normal use, the procedure can detect 0.1 μg/mL of F. The normal range of analysis is from 0.1 to 1.6 μg/mL of F. Higher concentrations can be analyzed by careful dilution of samples with reagent water. If digested samples routinely exceed 1.6 μg/mL of F, the analytical portion of the pump manifold can be modified to reduce sensitivity. However, the best procedure is to analyze a smaller aliquot of the sample. Most accurate results are obtained when the fluoride concentration falls in the middle or upper part of the calibration curve. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 8.3, 10.2.4, and 10.2.5 for additional precautions.

Standard Test Methods for Analysis for Fluoride Content of the Atmosphere and Plant Tissues lpar;Semiautomated Methodrpar;

ASTM D6670-13 全尺度环境箱测定室内材料和产品VOCs中释放的标准操作

5.1 VOCs emitted from materials/products affect indoor air quality (IAQ) in buildings. To determine the impact of these emissions on IAQ, it is necessary to know their emission rates over time. This practice provides guidelines for using a full-scale environmental chamber for testing large materials and full-scale material systems/assemblies. 5.2 While this practice is developed for measuring VOC emissions, the chamber facilities and methods of evaluation presented in this practice are also useful for a variety of purposes including: (1) testing the emissions during the application process (for example, painting), or other related sources; (2) developing scaleup methods (for example, from small chamber results to a full-scale scenario); (3) studying the interaction between sources and sinks, and validating source/sink models which are the basis for IAQ prediction; (4) testing interactions between source emissions and other compounds in the air (for example, NOx, ozone, SOx); and (5) evaluating the performance of air cleaning devices intended to remove contaminants from indoor air. 1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products (building materials, material systems, furniture, consumer products, etc.) and equipment (printers, photocopiers, air cleaners, etc.) under environmental and product usage conditions that are typical of those found in office and residential buildings. 1.2 This practice is for identifying VOCs emitted and determining their emission rates over a period of time. 1.3 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation, and use of full-scale chambers for VOC emission testing. 1.4 While this practice is limited to the measurement of VOC emissions, many of the general principles and procedures (such as methods for evaluating the general performance of the chamber system) may also be useful for the determination of other chemical emissions (for example, ozone, nitrogen dioxide). Determination of aerosol and particle emissions is beyond the scope of this document. 1.5 Values stated in the International System of Units (SI) are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products

ASTM D7520-13 测定室外环境气压下烟羽不透明度的标准试验方法

5.1 Air permits from regulatory agencies often require measurements of opacity from stationary air pollution point sources in the outdoor ambient environment. Opacity has been visually measured by certified smoke readers in accordance with USEPA (USEPA Method 9). DCOT is also a method to determine plume opacity in the outdoor ambient environment. 5.2 The concept of DCOT was based on previous method development using Digital Still Cameras and field testing of those methods.7,8 The purpose of this standard is to set a minimum level of performance for products that use DCOT to determine plume opacity in ambient environments. 1.1 This test method describes the procedures to determine the opacity of a plume, using digital imagery and associated hardware and software. The aforementioned plume is caused by particulate matter emitted from a stationary point source in the outdoor ambient environment. 1.2 The opacity of emissions is determined by the application of a Digital Camera Opacity Technique (DCOT) that consists of a Digital Still Camera, Analysis Software, and the Output Function’s content to obtain and interpret digital images to determine and report plume opacity. 1.3 This method is suitable to determine the opacity of plumes from zero (0) percent to one hundred (100) percent. 1.4 This test method is not applicable to stacks with internal diameters greater than 7.0 ft (2.13 m).2 1.5 Conditions that shall be considered when using this method to obtain the digital image of the plume include the plume’s background, the existence of condensed water in the plume, orientation of the Digital Still Camera to the plume and the sun (see Section 8). 1.6 This standard describes the procedures to certify the DCOT, hardware, software, and method to determine the opacity of the plumes. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Opacity of a Plume in the Outdoor Ambient Atmosphere

ASTM D3162-12 大气中一氧化碳的标准试验方法(用非色散的红外光谱法的连续测量)

Determination of carbon monoxide is essential to evaluation of many air pollution complexes. This test method derives significance from providing such determination. Carbon monoxide is formed in the process of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, and is a constituent of the exhaust of gasoline engines. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards for CO that are designed to protect the public health and welfare (3, 4). This test method is suitable for measurements appropriate for the purposes noted in 5.1 and 5.2.1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration of the atmosphere between 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) and 115 mg/m3 (100 ppm(v)). The measuring principle is based on the absorption of infrared radiation by CO in the 4.7 μm region (1). 1.2 The test method has a limit of detection of about 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) carbon monoxide in air. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional precautions.

Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)

ASTM F1129/F1129M-12 用含水泡沫控制从不溶混合挥发性液体中产生的蒸气危害的标准指南

This guide is intended as a general guide to the correct use of foams. Specific decisions on when or if foam should be used will depend on the circumstances and conditions of each spill situation. Polar solvent resistant AFFF can be applied to some water reactive chemicals with a medium expansion foam nozzle to extinguish a fire and to reduce toxic vapor release to the environment.1.1 This guide restricts itself to addressing the application of foam to water immiscible liquid and some water reactive compounds with boiling points above 15°C for vapor control or fire suppression of land spill or contained spills on water. 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see Section 10.

Standard Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile Liquids

ASTM G91-11 大气腐蚀型评估用而对大气二氧化硫沉积速率进行检测的标准操作规程

Atmospheric corrosion of metallic materials is a function of many weather and atmospheric variables. The effect of specific corrodants, such as sulfur dioxide, can accelerate the atmospheric corrosion of metals significantly. The sulfation plate method provides a simple technique to independently monitor the level of SO2 in the atmosphere to yield a weighted average result. Sulfation plate results may be used to characterize atmospheric corrosion test sites regarding the effective average level of SO2 in the atmosphere at these locations. Sulfation plate testing is useful in determining microclimate, seasonal, and long term variations in the effective average level of SO2. The results of sulfation plate tests may be used in correlations of atmospheric corrosion rates with atmospheric data to determine the sensitivity of the corrosion rate to SO2 level. The sulfation plate method may also be used with other methods to characterize the atmosphere at sites where buildings or other construction is planned in order to determine the extent of protective measures required for metallic materials.1.1 This practice covers a weighted average effective SO2 level for a 30-day interval through the use of the sulfation plate method, a technique for estimating the effective SO2 content of the atmosphere, and especially with regard to the atmospheric corrosion of stationary structures or panels. This practice is aimed at determining SO2 levels rather than sulfuric acid aerosol or acid precipitation. 1.2 The results of this practice correlate approximately with volumetric SO2 concentrations, although the presence of dew or condensed moisture tends to enhance the capture of SO2 into the plate. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Monitoring Atmospheric SO₂ Deposition Rate for Atmospheric Corrosivity Evaluation

ASTM D7520-09 在室外环境大气中测定羽烟不透明度的标准试验方法

Air permits from regulatory agencies often require measurements of opacity from stationary air pollution point sources in the outdoor ambient environment. Opacity has been visually measured by certified smoke readers in accordance with USEPA (USEPA Method 9). DCOT is also a method to determine plume opacity in the outdoor ambient environment. The concept of DCOT was based on previous method development using Digital Still Cameras and field testing of those methods. , The purpose of this standard is to set a minimum level of performance for products that use DCOT to determine plume opacity in ambient environments.1.1 This test method describes the procedures to determine the opacity of a plume. The aforementioned plume is caused by particulate matter emitted from a stationary point source in the outdoor ambient environment using digital imagery and associated software and hardware. 1.2 The opacity of emissions is determined by the application of a Digital Camera Opacity Technique (DCOT) that consists of a Digital Still Camera, Analysis Software, and the Output Function’s content to obtain and interpret digital images to determine and report plume opacity. 1.3 This method is suitable to determine the opacity of plumes from zero (0) percent to one hundred (100) percent. 1.4 This test method is not applicable to stacks with internal diameters greater than 7.0 ft. 1.5 Conditions that shall be considered when using this method to obtain the digital image of the plume include the plume’s background, the existence of condensed water in the plume, orientation of the Digital Still Camera to the plume and the sun (see Section 8). 1.6 This standard describes the procedures to certify the DCOT, hardware, software, and method to determine the opacity of the plumes. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Opacity of a Plume in the Outdoor Ambient Atmosphere

ASTM D5755-09(2014)e1 用石棉结构值表面负荷用透射电子显微镜对尘埃微真空取样和间接分析的标准试验方法

5.1 This microvacuum sampling and indirect analysis method is used for the general testing of non-airborne dust samples for asbestos. It is used to assist in the evaluation of dust that may be found on surfaces in buildings such as ceiling tiles, shelving, electrical components, duct work, carpet, etc. This test method provides an index of the surface loading of asbestos structures in the dust per unit area analyzed as derived from a quantitative TEM analysis. 5.1.1 This test method does not describe procedures or techniques required to evaluate the safety or habitability of buildings with asbestos-containing materials, or compliance with federal, state, or local regulations or statutes. It is the user’s responsibility to make these determinations. 5.1.2 At present, no relationship has been established between asbestos-containing dust as measured by this test method and potential human exposure to airborne asbestos. Accordingly, the users should consider other available information in their interpretation of the data obtained from this test method. 5.2 This definition of dust accepts all particles small enough to pass through a 1-mm (No. 18) screen. Thus, a single, large asbestos containing particle(s) (from the large end of the particle size distribution) dispersed during sample preparation may result in anomalously large asbestos surface loading results in the TEM analyses of that sample. It is, therefore, recommended that multiple independent samples are secured from the same area, and that a minimum of three samples be analyzed by the entire procedure. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure to (a) identify asbestos in dust and (b) provide an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos in the sampled dust reported as the number of asbestos structures per unit area of sampled surface. 1.1.1 If an estimate of the asbestos mass is to be determined, the user is referred to Test Method D5756. 1.2 This test method describes the equipment and procedures necessary for sampling, by a microvacuum technique, non-airborne dust for levels of asbestos structures. The non-airborne sample is collected inside a standard filter membrane cassette from the sampling of a surface area for dust which may contain asbestos. 1.2.1 This procedure uses a microvacuuming sampling technique. The collection efficiency of this technique is unknown and will vary among substrates. Properties influencing collection efficiency include surface texture, adhesiveness, electrostatic properties and other factors. 1.3 Asbestos identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is based on morphology, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Some information about structure size is also determined. 1.4 This test......

Standard Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy for Asbestos Structure Number Surface Loading

ASTM D5755-09 用石棉结构值表面负荷用透射电子显微镜对尘埃微真空取样和间接分析的标准试验方法

This microvacuum sampling and indirect analysis method is used for the general testing of non-airborne dust samples for asbestos. It is used to assist in the evaluation of dust that may be found on surfaces in buildings such as ceiling tiles, shelving, electrical components, duct work, carpet, etc. This test method provides an index of the surface loading of asbestos structures in the dust per unit area analyzed as derived from a quantitative TEM analysis. This test method does not describe procedures or techniques required to evaluate the safety or habitability of buildings with asbestos-containing materials, or compliance with federal, state, or local regulations or statutes. It is the user''s responsibility to make these determinations. At present, no relationship has been established between asbestos-containing dust as measured by this test method and potential human exposure to airborne asbestos. Accordingly, the users should consider other available information in their interpretation of the data obtained from this test method. This definition of dust accepts all particles small enough to pass through a 1 mm (No. 18) screen. Thus, a single, large asbestos containing particle(s) (from the large end of the particle size distribution) dispersed during sample preparation may result in anomalously large asbestos surface loading results in the TEM analyses of that sample. It is, therefore, recommended that multiple independent samples are secured from the same area, and that a minimum of three samples be analyzed by the entire procedure.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to (a) identify asbestos in dust and (b) provide an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos in the sampled dust reported as the number of asbestos structures per unit area of sampled surface. 1.1.1 If an estimate of the asbestos mass is to be determined, the user is referred to Test Method D5756. 1.2 This test method describes the equipment and procedures necessary for sampling, by a microvacuum technique, non-airborne dust for levels of asbestos structures. The non-airborne sample is collected inside a standard filter membrane cassette from the sampling of a surface area for dust which may contain asbestos. 1.2.1 This procedure uses a microvacuuming sampling technique. The collection efficiency of this technique is unknown and will vary among substrates. Properties influencing collection efficiency include surface texture, adhesiveness, electrostatic properties and other factors. 1.3 Asbestos identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is based on morphology, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Some information about structure size is also determined. 1.4 This test method is generally applicable for an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos structures starting from approximately 1000 asbestos structures per square centimetre. 1.4.1 The procedure outlined in this test method employs an indirect sample preparation technique. It is intended to disperse aggregated asbestos into fundamental fibrils, fiber bundles, clusters, or matrices that can be more accurately quantified by transmission electron microscopy. However, as with all indirect sample preparation techniques, the asbestos observed for quantification may not represent the physical form of the asbestos as sampled. More specifically, the procedure described neither creates nor destroys asbestos, but it may alter the physical form of the mineral fibers. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. ......

Standard Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy for Asbestos Structure Number Surface Loading

ASTM D7441-08(2013) 在工作场所粉尘样品中从消解和萃取溶液中分离金属铍的标准实施规程

5.1 Beryllium is an important analyte in industrial hygiene because of the risk of exposed workers developing Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD). CBD is a granulomatous lung disease that is caused by the body’s immune system response to inhaled dust or fumes containing beryllium, a human carcinogen (2). Surface wipe samples and air filter samples are collected to monitor the workplace. This practice addresses the problem of spurious results caused by the presence of interfering elements in the solution analyzed. The practice has been evaluated for all elements having emission spectra near the 313.042 and 313.107 nm beryllium lines, as well as elements of general concern including aluminum, calcium, iron and lead. Below is a table listing each possible spectrally interfering element: Cerium Chromium Hafnium Molybdenum Niobium Thorium Titanium Thulium U.........

Standard Practice for Separation of Beryllium from Other Metals in Digestion and Extraction Solutions from Workplace Dust Samples

ASTM D7441-08 在工作场所粉尘样品中从消解和萃取溶液中分离金属铍的标准实施规程

Beryllium is an important analyte in industrial hygiene because of the risk of exposed workers developing Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD). CBD is a granulomatous lung disease that is caused by the body’s immune system response to inhaled dust or fumes containing beryllium, a human carcinogen (2). Surface wipe samples and air filter samples are collected to monitor the workplace. This practice addresses the problem of spurious results caused by the presence of interfering elements in the solution analyzed. The practice has been evaluated for all elements having emission spectra near the 313.042 and 313.107 nm beryllium lines, as well as elements of general concern including aluminum, calcium, iron and lead. Below is a table listing each possible spectrally interfering element: CeriumChromiumHafniumnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Molybdenum NiobiumThoriumTitaniumThulium UraniumVanadiumUraniumMeasurement of beryllium on the order of 1 ppb (0.003 µg Be/100 cm2 wipe sample) has been successfully accomplished in the presence of spectrally interfering elements on the order of hundreds of ppm. This method has been validated on matrices containing 10 mg of each of the above elements. In some cases including interferents such as chromium and calcium, the single 2 mL beryllium extraction chromatography resin can handle >100 mg of total dissolved solids and still deliver >90 % beryllium yield. Should the matrix contain greater amounts of contaminants, additional resin may be used or, more likely, a combination of different resins may be used. (3,4).1.1 This practice covers the separation of beryllium from other metals and metalloids in acid solutions, by extraction chromatography, for subsequent determination of beryllium by atomic spectroscopy techniques such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). 1.2 This practice is applicable to samples of settled dust that have been collected in accordance with Practices D 6966 or D 7296. 1.3 This practice is compatible with a wide variety of acid digestion techniques used in digesting settled dust samples, such as those described in Test Method D 7035. 1.4 This practice is appropriate for the preparation of settled dust samples where an unacceptable bias is suspected or known because of spectral interferences caused by other metals or metalloids present in the sample. This practice may also be appropriate for the analysis of other types of samples. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Separation of Beryllium from Other Metals in Digestion and Extraction Solutions from Workplace Dust Samples

ASTM E2018-08 财产状况评定的标准指南:基本财产状况评定方法

Use8212;This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis by parties who desire to obtain a baseline PCA of commercial real estate. This guide also recognizes that there are varying levels of property condition assessment and due diligence that can be exercised that are both more and less comprehensive than this guide, and that may be appropriate to meet the objectives of the user. Users should consider their requirements, the purpose that the PCA is to serve, and their risk tolerance level before selecting the consultant and the level of due diligence to be exercised by the consultant. The user should also review or establish the qualifications, or both, of the proposed field observer and PCR reviewer prior to engagement. A PCR should identify any deviations or exceptions to this guide. Furthermore, no implication is intended that use of this guide be required in order to have conducted a property condition assessment in a commercially prudent and reasonable manner. Nevertheless, this guide is intended to reflect a reasonable approach for the preparation of a baseline PCA. Clarification of Use: Specific Point in Time8212;A user should only rely on the PCR for the point in time at which the consultant''s observations and research were conducted. Site-Specific8212;The PCA performed in accordance with this guide is site-specific in that it relates to the physical condition of real property improvements on a specific parcel of commercial real estate. Consequently, this guide does not address many additional issues in real estate transactions such as economic obsolescence, the purchase of business entities, or physical deficiencies relating to off-site conditions. Who May Conduct8212;The walk-through survey portion of a PCA should be conducted by a field observer, and the PCR should be reviewed by a PCR reviewer; both qualified as suggested in X1.1.1.1 and X1.1.1.2, respectively. Principles8212;The following principles are an integral part of this guide. They are intended to be referred to in resolving ambiguity, or in exercising discretion accorded the user or consultant in conducting a PCA, or in judging whether a user or consultant has conducted appropriate inquiry or has otherwise conducted an adequate PCA. Uncertainty Not Eliminated8212;No PCA can wholly eliminate the uncertainty regarding the presence of physical deficiencies and the performance of a subject property''s building systems. Preparation of a PCR in accordance with this guide is intended to reduce, but not eliminate, the uncertainty regarding the potential for component or system failure and to reduce the potential that such component or system may not be initially observed. This guide also recognizes the inherent subjective nature of a consultant''s opinions as to such issues as workmanship, quality of original installation, and estimating the RUL of any given component or system. The guide recognizes a consultant''s suggested remedy may be determined under time constraints, formed without the aid of engineering calculations, testing, exploratory probing, the removal or relocation of materials, design, or other technically exhaustive means. Furthermore, there may be other alternative or more appropriate schemes or methods to remedy a physical deficiency. The consultant''s opinions generally are formed without detailed knowledge from those familiar with the component''s or system''s performance. Not Technically Exhaustive8212;Appropriate due d......

Standard Guide for Property Condition Assessments: Baseline Property Condition Assessment Process

ASTM D6062-07 与健康有关气溶胶分馏物的取样人用标准指南

1.1 This guide defines conventions for personal samplers of specific particle-size-dependent fractions of any given non-fibrous airborne aerosol. Such samplers are used for assessing health effects and in the setting of and testing for compliance with permissible exposure limits in the workplace and ambient environment. The conventions have been adopted by the International Standards Organization (Technical Report ISO TR 7708), the Comit Europen de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1). The conventions were developed (2) in part from health-effects studies reviewed (3)by the ACGIH and in part as a compromise between definitions proposed by the ACGIH (3)and by the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) (4). Conventions are given here for inhalable, thoracic, and respirable fractions.1.2 This guide is complementary to Test Method D 4532, which describes the performance of a particular instrument, the 10-mm cyclone, and operational procedures for use. The procedures, specifically the optimal flow rate, are still valid although the estimated accuracy differs somewhat from use with previous aerosol fraction definitions. Details on this instrument and also the Higgins-Dewell cyclone have recently been published (5-7).1.3 Limitations:1.3.1 The definitions given here were adopted by the agencies listed in 1.1 in part on the basis of expected health effects of the different size fractions, but in part allowing for available sampling equipment. The original adoption by CEN was, in fact, for the eventual setting of common standards by the EC countries while permitting the use of a variety of instrumentation. Deviations of the sampling conventions from health-related effects are as follows:1.3.1.1 The inhalable fraction actually depends on the specific air speed and direction, on the breathing rate, and on whether breathing is by nose or mouth. The values given in the inhalable convention are for representative values of breathing rate and represent averages over all wind directions.1.3.1.2 The respirable and thoracic fractions vary from individual to individual and with the breathing pattern. The conventions are approximations to the average case.1.3.1.3 Each convention applies strictly to a fraction penetrating to a region, rather than depositing. Therefore, samples collected according to the conventions may only approximate correlations with biological effects. For example, the respirable convention overestimates the fraction of very small particles deposited in the alveolar region of the respiratory system because some of the particles are actually exhaled without being deposited (8). In many workplaces, these very small particles contribute insignificantly to the sampled mass. Furthermore, the large variability between individuals and the details of clearance may be as important as this type of effect.1.3.1.4 The thoracic convention applies to mouth breathing, for which aerosol collection is greater than during nose breathing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Personal Samplers of Health-Related Aerosol Fractions

ASTM F2608-07 测定作为真空清洁处理结果的室内空气颗粒计数变化用标准试验方法

In this test method, the amount of particulate generated into the air by operating a vacuum cleaner over a specific floor covering that is contaminated with dust will be determined. Particles from the motor, floor covering, and the test dust will all be measured. The amount of dust generated in the laboratory practice will differ from that in residential/commercial installations because of variations in floor coverings, soil and other solid particulate compositions, the vacuuming process used by individual operators, the air exchange rate of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and other factors. To provide a uniform basis for measuring the performance in 4.1, a standardized test chamber, equipment, floor covering material, and dust particulate are used in this test method.1.1 This test method provides a laboratory test for the measurement of particulate generated as a direct result of the vacuuming process.1.2 This test method is applicable to all residential/commercial uprights, canisters, stickvacs, central vacuum systems, and combination cleaners.1.3 This test method applies to test dust removal from floor coverings not the removal of surface litter and debris.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only1.5 This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Change in Room Air Particulate Counts as a Result of the Vacuum Cleaning Process

ASTM D6062-07(2012) 与健康有关的气溶胶成份个人采样器指南

The convention to be used is not always straightforward, but generally depends on what part of the respiratory system is affected by the aerosol particles. For example, if an aerosol (for example, silica) is expected to be hazardous mainly in the alveolar regions of the respiratory system, then the respirable convention applies. On the other hand, if an aerosol is extremely soluble (for example, KCN), then the inhalable convention should be used for monitoring or setting exposure limit standards. The conventions are often applied for approximating mass fractions, but they may also be used in the evaluation of total surface area or the number of particles in the collected material. The conventions have now been adopted by the International Standards Organization (Technical Report ISO TR 7708), the Comit? Europ?en de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1). The definition of respirable aerosol is the basis for recommended exposure levels (REL) of respirable coal mine dust as promulgated by NIOSH (Criteria for a Recommended Standard, Occupational Exposure to Respirable Coal Mine Dust). The respirable aerosol definition also forms the basis of the NIOSH sampling method for respirable particulates not otherwise regulated (NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods). The conventions constitute a part of the performance characteristics required of aerosol samplers for collecting aerosol according to the relevant health effects. This guide therefore does not specify particular samplers for measuring the aerosol fractions defined here. Detailed guidelines for evaluating any given sampler relative to the conventions are under preparation. Several advantages over instrument specification can be attributed to the adoption of these performance-associated conventions: The conventions have a recognized tie to health effects. Performance criteria permit instrument designers to seek practical sampler improvements. Performance criteria promote continued experimental testing of the samplers in use with the result that the significant variables (such as wind speed, particle charge, and so forth) affecting sampler operation become understood.1.1 This guide defines conventions for personal samplers of specific particle-size-dependent fractions of any given non-fibrous airborne aerosol. Such samplers are used for assessing health effects and in the setting of and testing for compliance with permissible exposure limits in the workplace and ambient environment. The conventions have been adopted by the International Standards Organization (Technical Report ISO TR 7708), the Comit? Europ?en de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1). The conventions were developed (2) in part from health-effects studies reviewed (3) by the ACGIH and in part as a compromise between definitions proposed by the ACGIH (3) and by the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) (4). Conventions are given here for inhalable, thoracic, and respirable fractions. 1.2 This guide is complementary to Test Method D4532, which describes the performance of a particular instrument, the 10-mm cyclone, and operational procedures for use. The procedures, specifically the optimal flow rate, are still valid although the estimated accuracy differs somewhat from use with previous aerosol fraction definitions. Details on this instrument and also the Higgins-Dewell cyclone have recently been pu......

Standard Guide for Personal Samplers of Health-Related Aerosol Fractions

ASTM D3687-07 用活性炭管吸附法收集的有机化合物蒸气的分析用标准实施规程

Promulgations by the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 29 CFR 1910 designate that certain organic compounds must not be present in workplace atmospheres at concentrations above specified values. This practice, when used in conjunction with Practice D 3686, will promote needed accuracy and precision in the determination of airborne concentrations of many of the organic chemicals given in 29 CFR 1910, CDC-99-74-45, NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, OSHA Sampling and Analytical Methods, HSE Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances, and BGIA GESTIS Analytical Methods. It can be used to determine worker exposures to these chemicals, provided appropriate sampling periods are used. Most laboratories are equipped with apparatus similar to that described in Section 7. Other apparatus can be used when analytical procedures suitable for that equipment are employed. The analytical techniques (or variations thereof) described in Sections 9-11 are in general use to analyze volatile organic compounds extracted from charcoal. Other procedures can be used when appropriate.1.1 This practice covers the applications of methods for the extraction and gas chromatographic determination of organic vapors that have been adsorbed from air in sampling tubes packed with activated charcoal.1.2 This practice is complementary to Practice D 3686.1.3 This practice is applicable for analysis of samples taken from workplace or other atmospheres provided that the contaminant adsorbs onto charcoal, that it can be adequately extracted from the charcoal, and that it can be analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Other adsorbents and other extraction techniques are described in Practice D 6196.1.4 Organic compounds of multicomponent samples may mutually interfere during analysis. Methods to resolve interferences are given in Section 6.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in 8.4, 9.2, and in A1.2.3.

Standard Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption Method

ASTM E2115-05 对儿童常用住宅和其它设施进行铅危害评定的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and other facilities frequented by children.1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and Other Facilities Frequented by Children

ASTM D6589-05 大气散射模型性能的统计评价的标准指南

Guidance is provided on designing model evaluation performance procedures and on the difficulties that arise in statistical evaluation of model performance caused by the stochastic nature of dispersion in the atmosphere. It is recognized there are examples in the literature where, knowingly or unknowingly, models were evaluated on their ability to describe something which they were never intended to characterize. This guide is attempting to heighten awareness, and thereby, to reduce the number of “unknowing” comparisons. A goal of this guide is to stimulate development and testing of evaluation procedures that accommodate the effects of natural variability. A technique is illustrated to provide information from which subsequent evaluation and standardization can be derived.1.1 This guide provides techniques that are useful for the comparison of modeled air concentrations with observed field data. Such comparisons provide a means for assessing a model''s performance, for example, bias and precision or uncertainty, relative to other candidate models. Methodologies for such comparisons are yet evolving; hence, modifications will occur in the statistical tests and procedures and data analysis as work progresses in this area. Until the interested parties agree upon standard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur. This guide describes a framework, or philosophical context, within which one determines whether a model''s performance is significantly different from other candidate models. It is suggested that the first step should be to determine which model''s estimates are closest on average to the observations, and the second step would then test whether the differences seen in the performance of the other models are significantly different from the model chosen in the first step. An example procedure is provided in to illustrate an existing approach for a particular evaluation goal. This example is not intended to inhibit alternative approaches or techniques that will produce equivalent or superior results. As discussed in Section , statistical evaluation of model performance is viewed as part of a larger process that collectively is referred to as model evaluation.1.2 This guide has been designed with flexibility to allow expansion to address various characterizations of atmospheric dispersion, which might involve dose or concentration fluctuations, to allow development of application-specific evaluation schemes, and to allow use of various statistical comparison metrics. No assumptions are made regarding the manner in which the models characterize the dispersion.1.3 The focus of this guide is on end results, that is, the accuracy of model predictions and the discernment of whether differences seen between models are significant, rather than operational details such as the ease of model implementation or the time required for model calculations to be performed.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should it be applied without consideration of a project''s many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this guide means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limita......

Standard Guide for Statistical Evaluation of Atmospheric Dispersion Model Performance